Advancements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

RESUMO

Moamen Abdelfadil Ismail*, Nawaf Fahad Almusalem, Muath Saleh Alrashed, Malath abdulrahman bukhari, Hosain Ali Hosain ALWatyan, Basil Naif Alharthi6, Essa Sultan Alsultan, Raghad Hamoud Alanazi, Maryam Adel Hassan Alradwan, Saad Mohammed Alghamdi, Raghad adel alrowithi, Turki Oqab Alotaibi

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by heterogeneous clinical presentations and fluctuating disease activity. Over the past decade, significant advancements have emerged in both its diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate recent innovations in the diagnosis and treatment of SLE, focusing on novel biomarkers, diagnostic algorithms, targeted biologics, and personalized management strategies.

Methods: Guided by PRISMA 2020 guidelines, peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and 2024 was systematically identified and reviewed. Eligible studies involved human subjects and reported on diagnostic tools, therapeutic efficacy, or precision medicine strategies in SLE. Results: Fifteen high- and moderate-quality studies were included. Diagnostic improvements included omicsbased tools and updated classification criteria. Therapeutically, biologics like anifrolumab and belimumab showed significant efficacy in reducing flares and achieving low disease activity. Personalized approaches and early intervention were repeatedly linked to improved outcomes.

Conclusion: Advancements in SLE diagnosis and treatment reflect a promising transition toward individualized and evidence-based care. Integration of precision diagnostics and biologic therapies into routine practice remains a key goal for future clinical implementation. Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, diagnosis, treatment, biomarkers, biologics, personalized medicine, EULAR/ACR criteria, autoimmunity, SLEDAI, omics